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Every source we cite, in one place. Click through to the underlying paper, alert, or statute.

Last reviewed: 2026-05-05Editorial methodology

Peer-reviewed primary literature

  1. [1]
    Schmid CL, Kennedy NM, Ross NC, Lovell KM, Yue Z, Morgenweck J, Cameron MD, Bannister TD, Bohn LM
    Bias factor and therapeutic window correlate to predict safer opioid analgesics
    Cell, 171(5):1165–1175.e13 · 2017
    doi.org/10.1016/j.cell.2017.10.035
  2. [2]
    Grim TW, Schmid CL, Stahl EL, et al.
    A G protein signaling-biased agonist at the μ-opioid receptor reverses morphine tolerance while preventing morphine withdrawal
    Neuropsychopharmacology, 45:416–425 · 2020
    pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6901606/
  3. [3]
    Gillis A, Gondin AB, Kliewer A, et al.
    Low intrinsic efficacy for G protein activation can explain the improved side effect profiles of new opioid agonists
    Science Signaling, 13(625):eaaz3140 · 2020
    pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32234959/
  4. [4]
    Pantouli F, Grim TW, Schmid CL, et al.
    Comparison of morphine, oxycodone and the biased MOR agonist SR-17018 for tolerance and efficacy in mouse models of pain
    Neuropharmacology, 185:108439 · 2021
    pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7887086/
  5. [5]
    Fritzwanker S, Schmidt H, Kliewer A, Schulz S
    SR-17018 stimulates atypical μ-opioid receptor phosphorylation and dephosphorylation
    Frontiers in Pharmacology, 12:723560 · 2021
    pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8348759/
  6. [6]
    Stahl EL, Schmid CL, Acevedo-Canabal A, et al.
    G protein signaling-biased mu opioid receptor agonists that produce sustained G protein activation are noncompetitive agonists
    PNAS, 118(48):e2102178118 · 2021
    pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34819362/
  7. [7]
    Kudla L, Bugno R, Podlewska S, et al.
    Comparison of an addictive potential of μ-opioid receptor agonists with G protein bias: behavioral and molecular modeling studies
    Pharmaceutics, 14(1):55 · 2022
    pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8779292/
  8. [8]
    Ko M-C et al.
    G protein-biased mu opioid receptor agonist SR-17018 has low in vivo efficacy in non-human primates
    The Journal of Pain · 2023
    PubMed search
    Full-text DOI verified at editorial review

Reviews and secondary literature

  1. [9]
    SR-17018 — Wikipedia
    Wikipedia
    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SR-17018
    Useful index of primary literature
  2. [10]
    Kudla L et al.
    Influence of G protein-biased agonists of μ-opioid receptor on addiction-related behaviors
    Pharmacological Reports · 2021
    link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s43440-021-00251-1

Forensic, public-health, and institutional sources

  1. [11]
    Public Alerts on Novel Synthetic Opioids — orphine analog series
    Center for Forensic Science Research and Education (CFSRE)
    www.cfsre.org/nps-discovery/public-alerts
  2. [12]
    Opioid Overdose Reversal Medications
    SAMHSA
    www.samhsa.gov/substance-use/treatment/overdose-prevention/opioid-overdose-reversal
  3. [13]
    Search for safer pain relief advances with new engineered compounds
    Scripps Research press release · 2021
    scripps.edu/news
    Nov 22, 2021. Direct URL verified at editorial review.
  4. [14]
    Coverage of Bohn lab follow-up work on improved biased agonists
    USF Health · 2025
    usf.edu/health
    Direct article URL verified at editorial review.

Legal & regulatory references

  1. [15]
    Federal Analogue Act, 21 U.S.C. § 813
    U.S. Code
    www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/21/813
  2. [16]
    Neue-psychoaktive-Stoffe-Gesetz (NpSG)
    Federal Republic of Germany
    Late 2025 update added SR-17018
  3. [17]
    Psychoactive Substances Act 2016
    United Kingdom
    www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/2016/2/contents/enacted
  4. [18]
    EMCDDA monitoring of orphine-class novel psychoactive substances
    European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction
    www.emcdda.europa.eu/

Community-reported information

  1. [19]
    r/Opioid_RCs and r/researchchemicals — community self-reports
    Reddit
    Anecdotal only; subject to severe selection and survivorship bias